Grade: | Sahih (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Sunan an-Nasa'i 5523 |
In-book reference | : Book 50, Hadith 96 |
English translation | : Vol. 6, Book 50, Hadith 5525 |
Grade: | Sahih (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Sunan an-Nasa'i 3142 |
In-book reference | : Book 25, Hadith 58 |
English translation | : Vol. 1, Book 25, Hadith 3144 |
Narrated Abu Dhar:
I asked the Prophet, "What is the best deed?" He replied, "To believe in Allah and to fight for His Cause." I then asked, "What is the best kind of manumission (of slaves)?" He replied, "The manumission of the most expensive slave and the most beloved by his master." I said, "If I cannot afford to do that?" He said, "Help the weak or do good for a person who cannot work for himself." I said, "If I cannot do that?" He said, "Refrain from harming others for this will be regarded as a charitable deed for your own good."
Reference | : Sahih al-Bukhari 2518 |
In-book reference | : Book 49, Hadith 2 |
USC-MSA web (English) reference | : Vol. 3, Book 46, Hadith 694 |
(deprecated numbering scheme) |
Grade: | Da’if (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Sunan Ibn Majah 3013 |
In-book reference | : Book 25, Hadith 132 |
English translation | : Vol. 4, Book 25, Hadith 3013 |
صَحِيحٌ (الألباني) | حكم : |
Reference | : Mishkat al-Masabih 696 |
In-book reference | : Book 4, Hadith 127 |
ضَعِيف (الألباني) | حكم : |
Reference | : Mishkat al-Masabih 923 |
In-book reference | : Book 4, Hadith 346 |
صَحِيح (الألباني) | حكم : |
Reference | : Mishkat al-Masabih 952 |
In-book reference | : Book 4, Hadith 375 |
لم تتمّ دراسته (الألباني) | حكم : |
Reference | : Mishkat al-Masabih 1946 |
In-book reference | : Book 6, Hadith 171 |
Reference | : Mishkat al-Masabih 5427 |
In-book reference | : Book 27, Hadith 48 |
Sunnah.com reference | : Book 7, Hadith 164 |
English translation | : Book 7, Hadith 918 |
Arabic reference | : Book 7, Hadith 912 |
Sunnah.com reference | : Book 2, Hadith 273 |
English translation | : Book 2, Hadith 364 |
Arabic reference | : Book 2, Hadith 369 |
Reference | : Mishkat al-Masabih 3387 |
In-book reference | : Book 14, Hadith 6 |
'A'isha reported:
Reference | : Sahih Muslim 732d |
In-book reference | : Book 6, Hadith 141 |
USC-MSA web (English) reference | : Book 4, Hadith 1596 |
(deprecated numbering scheme) |
Grade: | Sahih (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Sunan Ibn Majah 340 |
In-book reference | : Book 1, Hadith 74 |
English translation | : Vol. 1, Book 1, Hadith 340 |
Grade: | Lts isnad is Da'if] (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Musnad Ahmad 742 |
In-book reference | : Book 5, Hadith 175 |
Ibn Mas`ud added:
I heard Allah's Apostle saying; (It will be) from among the most wicked people who will be living at the time when the Hour will be established."
Reference | : Sahih al-Bukhari 7067 |
In-book reference | : Book 92, Hadith 18 |
USC-MSA web (English) reference | : Vol. 9, Book 88, Hadith 187 |
(deprecated numbering scheme) |
Grade: | Sahih (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Sunan an-Nasa'i 3281 |
In-book reference | : Book 26, Hadith 86 |
English translation | : Vol. 4, Book 26, Hadith 3283 |
Grade: | Sahih (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Sunan an-Nasa'i 3282 |
In-book reference | : Book 26, Hadith 87 |
English translation | : Vol. 4, Book 26, Hadith 3284 |
Grade: | Sahih (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Jami` at-Tirmidhi 728 |
In-book reference | : Book 8, Hadith 47 |
English translation | : Vol. 2, Book 3, Hadith 728 |
Grade: | Sahih (Al-Albani) | صحيح (الألباني) | حكم : |
Reference | : Sunan Abi Dawud 743 |
In-book reference | : Book 2, Hadith 353 |
English translation | : Book 2, Hadith 742 |
مُتَّفَقٌ عَلَيْهِ (الألباني) | حكم : |
Reference | : Mishkat al-Masabih 2546 |
In-book reference | : Book 10, Hadith 40 |
Ibn 'Abbas reported:
Reference | : Sahih Muslim 705b |
In-book reference | : Book 6, Hadith 60 |
USC-MSA web (English) reference | : Book 4, Hadith 1516 |
(deprecated numbering scheme) |
Reference | : Sunan Ibn Majah 2236 |
In-book reference | : Book 12, Hadith 100 |
English translation | : Vol. 3, Book 12, Hadith 2236 |
Grade: | Da’if (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Sunan Ibn Majah 2827 |
In-book reference | : Book 24, Hadith 75 |
English translation | : Vol. 4, Book 24, Hadith 2827 |
Grade: | Hasan (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Sunan Ibn Majah 3992 |
In-book reference | : Book 36, Hadith 67 |
English translation | : Vol. 5, Book 36, Hadith 3992 |
Grade: | [Its isnad is da 'eefbecause it is interrupted] (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Musnad Ahmad 233 |
In-book reference | : Book 2, Hadith 149 |
Grade: | Da'if (Darussalam) because Nu'aim bin Yazeed is unknown] (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Musnad Ahmad 693 |
In-book reference | : Book 5, Hadith 126 |
Grade: | Qawi (Darussalam)] (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Musnad Ahmad 837 |
In-book reference | : Book 5, Hadith 267 |
Grade: | Hasan (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Musnad Ahmad 1362 |
In-book reference | : Book 5, Hadith 762 |
Narrated Anas:
I will narrate to you a Habith I heard from Allah's Apostle and none other than I will tell you of it. I heard Allah's Apostle saying, "From among the portents of the Hour are the following: Religious knowledge will be taken away; General ignorance (in religious matters) will increase; illegal Sexual intercourse will prevail: Drinking of alcoholic drinks will prevail. Men will decrease in number, and women will increase in number, so much so that fifty women will be looked after by one man."
Reference | : Sahih al-Bukhari 5231 |
In-book reference | : Book 67, Hadith 164 |
USC-MSA web (English) reference | : Vol. 7, Book 62, Hadith 158 |
(deprecated numbering scheme) |
Grade: | Sahih (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Jami` at-Tirmidhi 3024 |
In-book reference | : Book 47, Hadith 76 |
English translation | : Vol. 5, Book 44, Hadith 3024 |
Grade: | Sahih (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Sunan an-Nasa'i 5664 |
In-book reference | : Book 51, Hadith 126 |
English translation | : Vol. 6, Book 51, Hadith 5667 |
Grade: | Sahih (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Sunan an-Nasa'i 3151 |
In-book reference | : Book 25, Hadith 67 |
English translation | : Vol. 1, Book 25, Hadith 3153 |
Narrated Anas:
The Prophet set out for Khaibar and reached it at night. He used not to attack if he reached the people at night, till the day broke. So, when the day dawned, the Jews came out with their bags and spades. When they saw the Prophet; they said, "Muhammad and his army!" The Prophet said, Allahu--Akbar! (Allah is Greater) and Khaibar is ruined, for whenever we approach a nation (i.e. enemy to fight) then it will be a miserable morning for those who have been warned."
Reference | : Sahih al-Bukhari 2945 |
In-book reference | : Book 56, Hadith 157 |
USC-MSA web (English) reference | : Vol. 4, Book 52, Hadith 195 |
(deprecated numbering scheme) |
Narrated Buraydah ibn al-Hasib:
The Prophet (saws) said: Do not call a hypocrite sayyid (master), for if he is a sayyid, you will displease your Lord, Most High.
Grade: | Sahih (Al-Albani) | صحيح (الألباني) | حكم : |
Reference | : Sunan Abi Dawud 4977 |
In-book reference | : Book 43, Hadith 205 |
English translation | : Book 42, Hadith 4959 |
مُتَّفق عَلَيْهِ (الألباني) | حكم : |
Reference | : Mishkat al-Masabih 2487 |
In-book reference | : Book 9, Hadith 255 |
مُتَّفَقٌ عَلَيْهِ (الألباني) | حكم : |
Reference | : Mishkat al-Masabih 1862 |
In-book reference | : Book 6, Hadith 89 |
صَحِيحٌ (الألباني) | حكم : |
Reference | : Mishkat al-Masabih 4200 |
In-book reference | : Book 21, Hadith 39 |
Grade: | Da'if (Al-Albani) | ضـعـيـف (الألباني) | حكم : |
Reference | : Al-Adab Al-Mufrad 110 |
In-book reference | : Book 6, Hadith 0 |
English translation | : Book 6, Hadith 110 |
Grade: | Sahih (Al-Albani) | صـحـيـح (الألباني) | حكم : |
Reference | : Al-Adab Al-Mufrad 817 |
In-book reference | : Book 34, Hadith 7 |
English translation | : Book 34, Hadith 817 |
Grade: | Da'if (Al-Albani) | ضـعـيـف (الألباني) | حكم : |
Reference | : Al-Adab Al-Mufrad 964 |
In-book reference | : Book 41, Hadith 13 |
English translation | : Book 41, Hadith 964 |
Grade: | Sahih (Al-Albani) | صـحـيـح (الألباني) | حكم : |
Reference | : Al-Adab Al-Mufrad 1125 |
In-book reference | : Book 45, Hadith 9 |
English translation | : Book 45, Hadith 1125 |
Sunnah.com reference | : Book 11, Hadith 43 |
English translation | : Book 11, Hadith 1339 |
Arabic reference | : Book 11, Hadith 1312 |
Reference | : Hisn al-Muslim 35 |
ضَعِيفٌ (الألباني) | حكم : |
Reference | : Mishkat al-Masabih 1989 |
In-book reference | : Book 7, Hadith 33 |
مُتَّفَقٌ عَلَيْهِ (الألباني) | حكم : |
Reference | : Mishkat al-Masabih 3143 |
In-book reference | : Book 13, Hadith 63 |
ضَعِيف (الألباني) | حكم : |
Reference | : Mishkat al-Masabih 3263 |
In-book reference | : Book 13, Hadith 180 |
Abu Huraira reported that the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) said:
Reference | : Sahih Muslim 671 |
In-book reference | : Book 5, Hadith 361 |
USC-MSA web (English) reference | : Book 4, Hadith 1416 |
(deprecated numbering scheme) |
Narrated `Uqba:
The Prophet said: "The stipulations most entitled to be abided by are those with which you are given the right to enjoy the (women's) private parts (i.e. the stipulations of the marriage contract).
Reference | : Sahih al-Bukhari 5151 |
In-book reference | : Book 67, Hadith 86 |
USC-MSA web (English) reference | : Vol. 7, Book 62, Hadith 81 |
(deprecated numbering scheme) |
Narrated Anas bin Malik:
An Ansari woman came to the Prophet and he took her aside and said (to her). "By Allah, you (Ansar) are the most beloved people to me."
Reference | : Sahih al-Bukhari 5234 |
In-book reference | : Book 67, Hadith 167 |
USC-MSA web (English) reference | : Vol. 7, Book 62, Hadith 161 |
(deprecated numbering scheme) |
Narrated Abu Huraira:
Allah's Apostle said, "The most awful name in Allah's sight on the Day of Resurrection, will be (that of) a man calling himself Malik Al-Amlak (the king of kings).
Reference | : Sahih al-Bukhari 6205 |
In-book reference | : Book 78, Hadith 229 |
USC-MSA web (English) reference | : Vol. 8, Book 73, Hadith 224 |
(deprecated numbering scheme) |
Grade: | Sahih (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Sunan an-Nasa'i 1134 |
In-book reference | : Book 12, Hadith 106 |
English translation | : Vol. 2, Book 12, Hadith 1135 |
Qatada narrated this hadith with the same chain of transmitters saying:
Reference | : Sahih Muslim 1217b |
In-book reference | : Book 15, Hadith 157 |
USC-MSA web (English) reference | : Book 7, Hadith 2801 |
(deprecated numbering scheme) |
Narrated Abu Rafi:
Abu Huraira said, "A man or a woman used to clean the mosque." (A sub-narrator said, 'Most probably a woman..') Then he narrated the Hadith of the Prophet
Reference | : Sahih al-Bukhari 460 |
In-book reference | : Book 8, Hadith 108 |
USC-MSA web (English) reference | : Vol. 1, Book 8, Hadith 450 |
(deprecated numbering scheme) |
Grade: | Da’if (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Jami` at-Tirmidhi 3499 |
In-book reference | : Book 48, Hadith 130 |
English translation | : Vol. 6, Book 45, Hadith 3499 |
Grade: | Da'if (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Jami` at-Tirmidhi 700 |
In-book reference | : Book 8, Hadith 19 |
English translation | : Vol. 2, Book 3, Hadith 700 |
Grade: | Sahih (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Jami` at-Tirmidhi 1127 |
In-book reference | : Book 11, Hadith 49 |
English translation | : Vol. 2, Book 6, Hadith 1127 |
Grade: | Sahih (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Jami` at-Tirmidhi 2360 |
In-book reference | : Book 36, Hadith 57 |
English translation | : Vol. 4, Book 10, Hadith 2360 |
Grade: | Sahih (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Jami` at-Tirmidhi 1358 |
In-book reference | : Book 15, Hadith 38 |
English translation | : Vol. 3, Book 13, Hadith 1358 |
Grade: | Sahih (Al-Albani) | صحيح (الألباني) | حكم : |
Reference | : Sunan Abi Dawud 4250 |
In-book reference | : Book 37, Hadith 11 |
English translation | : Book 36, Hadith 4237 |
Grade: | Sahih (Al-Albani) | صحيح (الألباني) | حكم : |
Reference | : Sunan Abi Dawud 2382 |
In-book reference | : Book 14, Hadith 70 |
English translation | : Book 13, Hadith 2376 |
صَحِيح (الألباني) | حكم : |
Reference | : Mishkat al-Masabih 1117 |
In-book reference | : Book 4, Hadith 534 |
Reference | : Mishkat al-Masabih 5936 |
In-book reference | : Book 29, Hadith 192 |
لم تتمّ دراسته (الألباني) | حكم : |
Reference | : Mishkat al-Masabih 2280 |
In-book reference | : Book 9, Hadith 55 |
Abu Mas'ud al-Ansari reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying:
Reference | : Sahih Muslim 673a |
In-book reference | : Book 5, Hadith 365 |
USC-MSA web (English) reference | : Book 4, Hadith 1420 |
(deprecated numbering scheme) |
Grade: | Hasan (Darussalam) [] (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Musnad Ahmad 469 |
In-book reference | : Book 4, Hadith 63 |
Grade: | Qawi (Darussalam)] (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Musnad Ahmad 1396 |
In-book reference | : Book 6, Hadith 15 |
[At- Tirmidhi, who classified it as Hadith Hasan].
Reference | : Riyad as-Salihin 577 |
In-book reference | : Introduction, Hadith 577 |
Grade: | Sahih (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Jami` at-Tirmidhi 3085 |
In-book reference | : Book 47, Hadith 137 |
English translation | : Vol. 5, Book 44, Hadith 3085 |
Abu Huraira reported:
Reference | : Sahih Muslim 2378 |
In-book reference | : Book 43, Hadith 219 |
USC-MSA web (English) reference | : Book 30, Hadith 5862 |
(deprecated numbering scheme) |
Narrated Abu Huraira:
The people said, "O Allah's Apostle! Who is the most honorable amongst the people (in Allah's Sight)?" He said, "The most righteous amongst them." They said, "We do not ask you, about this. " He said, "Then Joseph, Allah's Prophet, the son of Allah's Prophet, The son of Allah's Prophet the son of Allah's Khalil (i.e. Abraham)." They said, "We do not want to ask about this," He said' "Then you want to ask about the descent of the Arabs. Those who were the best in the pre-lslamic period of ignorance will be the best in Islam provided they comprehend the religious knowledge."
Reference | : Sahih al-Bukhari 3353 |
In-book reference | : Book 60, Hadith 28 |
USC-MSA web (English) reference | : Vol. 4, Book 55, Hadith 572 |
(deprecated numbering scheme) |
Grade: | Sahih (Al-Albani) | صـحـيـح (الألباني) | حكم : |
Reference | : Al-Adab Al-Mufrad 1120 |
In-book reference | : Book 45, Hadith 4 |
English translation | : Book 45, Hadith 1120 |
Sunnah.com reference | : Book 8, Hadith 83 |
English translation | : Book 8, Hadith 1046 |
Arabic reference | : Book 8, Hadith 1035 |
Reference | : Hisn al-Muslim 43 |
مُتَّفَقٌ عَلَيْهِ (الألباني) | حكم : |
Reference | : Mishkat al-Masabih 2000 |
In-book reference | : Book 7, Hadith 44 |
Grade: | Sahih (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Sunan Ibn Majah 101 |
In-book reference | : Introduction, Hadith 101 |
English translation | : Vol. 1, Book 1, Hadith 101 |
Grade: | Da’if (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Sunan Ibn Majah 3219 |
In-book reference | : Book 28, Hadith 20 |
English translation | : Vol. 4, Book 28, Hadith 3219 |
Grade: | Da'if (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Jami` at-Tirmidhi 14 |
In-book reference | : Book 1, Hadith 14 |
English translation | : Vol. 1, Book 1, Hadith 14 |
Narrated Anas:
The most frequent invocation of The Prophet was: "O Allah! Give to us in the world that which is good and in the Hereafter that which is good, and save us from the torment of the Fire." (2.201)
Reference | : Sahih al-Bukhari 6389 |
In-book reference | : Book 80, Hadith 84 |
USC-MSA web (English) reference | : Vol. 8, Book 75, Hadith 398 |
(deprecated numbering scheme) |
Grade: | Sahih (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Sunan an-Nasa'i 1048 |
In-book reference | : Book 12, Hadith 20 |
English translation | : Vol. 2, Book 12, Hadith 1049 |
Grade: | Sahih (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Sunan an-Nasa'i 4999 |
In-book reference | : Book 47, Hadith 15 |
English translation | : Vol. 6, Book 47, Hadith 5002 |
Grade: | Sahih (Zubair `Aliza'i) |
Reference | : Ash-Shama'il Al-Muhammadiyah 247 |
In-book reference | : Book 36, Hadith 7 |
Grade: | Da'if (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Jami` at-Tirmidhi 827 |
In-book reference | : Book 9, Hadith 20 |
English translation | : Vol. 2, Book 4, Hadith 827 |
Grade: | Hasan (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Jami` at-Tirmidhi 1162 |
In-book reference | : Book 12, Hadith 17 |
English translation | : Vol. 1, Book 7, Hadith 1162 |
Grade: | Sahih (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Jami` at-Tirmidhi 2504 |
In-book reference | : Book 37, Hadith 90 |
English translation | : Vol. 4, Book 11, Hadith 2504 |
Anas b. Malik reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as say- ing:
Reference | : Sahih Muslim 2467 |
In-book reference | : Book 44, Hadith 177 |
USC-MSA web (English) reference | : Book 31, Hadith 6035 |
(deprecated numbering scheme) |
Narrated Abu Huraira:
The Prophet sent some cavalry towards Najd and they brought a man from the tribe of Banu Hanifa who was called Thumama bin Uthal. They fastened him to one of the pillars of the Mosque. The Prophet went to him and said, "What have you got, O Thumama?" He replied," I have got a good thought, O Muhammad! If you should kill me, you would kill a person who has already killed somebody, and if you should set me free, you would do a favor to one who is grateful, and if you want property, then ask me whatever wealth you want." He was left till the next day when the Prophet said to him, "What have you got, Thumama? He said, "What I told you, i.e. if you set me free, you would do a favor to one who is grateful." The Prophet left him till the day after, when he said, "What have you got, O Thumama?" He said, "I have got what I told you. "On that the Prophet said, "Release Thumama." So he (i.e. Thumama) went to a garden of date-palm trees near to the Mosque, took a bath and then entered the Mosque and said, "I testify that None has the right to be worshipped except Allah, and also testify that Muhammad is His Apostle! By Allah, O Muhammad! There was no face on the surface of the earth most disliked by me than yours, but now your face has become the most beloved face to me. By Allah, there was no religion most disliked by me than yours, but now it is the most beloved religion to me. By Allah, there was no town most disliked by me than your town, but now it is the most beloved town to me. Your cavalry arrested me (at the time) when I was intending to perform the `Umra. And now what do you think?" The Prophet gave him good tidings (congratulated him) and ordered him to perform the `Umra. So when he came to Mecca, someone said to him, "You have become a Sabian?" Thumama replied, "No! By Allah, I have embraced Islam with Muhammad, Apostle of Allah. No, by Allah! Not a single grain of wheat will come to you from Yamamah unless the Prophet gives his permission."
Reference | : Sahih al-Bukhari 4372 |
In-book reference | : Book 64, Hadith 398 |
USC-MSA web (English) reference | : Vol. 5, Book 59, Hadith 658 |
(deprecated numbering scheme) |
Grade: | Sahih (Al-Albani) | صحيح (الألباني) | حكم : |
Reference | : Sunan Abi Dawud 4628 |
In-book reference | : Book 42, Hadith 33 |
English translation | : Book 41, Hadith 4611 |
صَحِيحٌ (الألباني) | حكم : |
Reference | : Mishkat al-Masabih 2570 |
In-book reference | : Book 10, Hadith 64 |
صَحِيح (الألباني) | حكم : |
Reference | : Mishkat al-Masabih 810 |
In-book reference | : Book 4, Hadith 238 |
حسن (الألباني) | حكم : |
Reference | : Mishkat al-Masabih 968 |
In-book reference | : Book 4, Hadith 391 |
حسن (الألباني) | حكم : |
Reference | : Mishkat al-Masabih 1231 |
In-book reference | : Book 4, Hadith 647 |
Sunnah.com reference | : Book 11, Hadith 42 |
English translation | : Book 11, Hadith 1338 |
Arabic reference | : Book 11, Hadith 1311 |
'A'isha is reported to have said that the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) was asked about the act most pleasing to Allah. He replied:
Reference | : Sahih Muslim 782b |
In-book reference | : Book 6, Hadith 256 |
USC-MSA web (English) reference | : Book 4, Hadith 1711 |
(deprecated numbering scheme) |
Grade: | Da'if (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Sunan Ibn Majah 726 |
In-book reference | : Book 3, Hadith 21 |
English translation | : Vol. 1, Book 3, Hadith 726 |
Grade: | Sahih (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Jami` at-Tirmidhi 165 |
In-book reference | : Book 2, Hadith 17 |
English translation | : Vol. 1, Book 2, Hadith 165 |
Grade: | Sahih (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Jami` at-Tirmidhi 2628 |
In-book reference | : Book 40, Hadith 23 |
English translation | : Vol. 5, Book 38, Hadith 2628 |
Grade: | Sahih (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Jami` at-Tirmidhi 2837 |
In-book reference | : Book 43, Hadith 111 |
English translation | : Vol. 5, Book 41, Hadith 2837 |
Grade: | Da'if (Darussalam) |
Reference | : Jami` at-Tirmidhi 3230 |
In-book reference | : Book 47, Hadith 282 |
English translation | : Vol. 5, Book 44, Hadith 3230 |
Narrated Hudhaifa:
The Prophet said to the people of Nijran, "I will send you the most trustworthy man." (Every one of) the companions of the Prophet was looking forward (to be that person). He then sent Abu 'Ubaida.
Reference | : Sahih al-Bukhari 3745 |
In-book reference | : Book 62, Hadith 90 |
USC-MSA web (English) reference | : Vol. 5, Book 57, Hadith 88 |
(deprecated numbering scheme) |